Journal of Integral Sciences

Evaluation of the effect of copper nanoparticles synthesized using indigenous fungus fusarium incarnatum on exoenzyme profile of barite mine contaminated soil

2025-08-24T13:25:27-04:00

The present work investigates the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) by Fusarium incarnatum isolated from barite mine-contaminated soils, their physicochemical characterization, and their impact on soil exoenzyme dynamics. Nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential analysis, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and TEM. Application of these CuNPs to contaminated soils influenced the activity patterns of key exoenzymes in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Results underline the potential of mycogenic CuNPs in the enhancement of soil biochemical functioning and possible remediation of polluted soils.

A Review on COVID Vaccine

2025-07-18T12:19:53-04:00

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a global effort to rapidly develop vaccines, leading to the approval and widespread use of several types. This summary explores key COVID-19 vaccines, including messenger RNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna), vector-based vaccines (AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson), and protein-based vaccines (Novavax). It outlines how these vaccines function, their effectiveness, safety profiles, and the logistical and social challenges related to their distribution and public acceptance. The review also highlights the impact of emerging variants on vaccine performance, the need for booster doses, and future directions in vaccine innovation. The goal is to provide healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers with the most current insights into COVID-19 vaccination.

Annona Muricata (Soursop): The Natural Enemy of Cancer -A Comprehensive Review

2025-08-04T12:20:13-04:00

Annona muricata (commonly known as soursop or graviola) is a tropical plant widely recognized for its traditional medicinal applications and growing scientific interest, particularly for its anticancer potential. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the phytochemical profile, pharmacological activities, and mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of A. muricata. The plant is rich in annonaceous acetogenins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, with acetogenins such as annonacin and bullatacin demonstrating potent cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines including breast, prostate, colon, pancreatic, and liver cancers. Mechanistically, these compounds induce apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction, arrest cell cycle progression, and inhibit key signaling pathways such as NF-κB and VEGF, effectively suppressing tumor growth and angiogenesis. Preclinical in vivo studies have confirmed tumor regression, enhanced antioxidant defense, and minimal systemic toxicity. However, concerns regarding annonacin-induced neurotoxicity and the lack of clinical trials limit its current therapeutic use. Innovative delivery systems, such as nanoformulations and lipid-based carriers, have shown promise in improving bioavailability and reducing toxicity. Despite the encouraging evidence, clinical validation remains absent, and standardized protocols for dosage, extract preparation, and safety are urgently needed. This review emphasizes the need for translational research to bridge the gap between traditional use and modern oncology. With rigorous scientific validation and regulatory oversight, Annona muricata holds the potential to emerge as a natural and effective anticancer agent.

The Role of Carbohydrate Intake in Obesity: Implications For Diet and Weight Management

2025-08-03T12:17:46-04:00

Carbohydrates, the primary source of dietary energy, play a pivotal role in the development of obesity. Recent research has shifted focus from merely the quantity of carbohydrate intake to the quality, glycemic response, and timing. Excessive consumption of refined carbohydrates and sugar-sweetened beverages contributes to fat accumulation through mechanisms such as hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and de novo lipogenesis. Furthermore, variations in carbohydrate metabolism among different populations—children, women, and specific ethnic groups—necessitate a personalized nutritional approach. While low-carbohydrate diets (e.g., ketogenic) offer short-term weight loss benefits, their long-term efficacy is comparable to high-carbohydrate diets if caloric intake is controlled. The integration of intermittent fasting, carbohydrate cycling, and microbiome-friendly dietary interventions reflects the evolving landscape of obesity management. Additionally, dietary fiber, whole grains, and low-GI foods provide metabolic advantages. Public health strategies must emphasize food quality, labeling reforms, and education to curb global obesity rates. This review highlights the biochemical, clinical, and policy-related aspects of carbohydrate intake in obesity, offering actionable insights for dietitians, clinicians, and researchers working on effective weight management strategies.

A review on current and future challenges in gpcr drug discovery

2025-08-15T15:01:07-04:00

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are essential components in cell signaling, influencing a wide array of physiological processes. They are the largest and most diverse family of cell surface receptors, and over the years, significant progress has been made in understanding their structure and function. Since the cloning of the first GPCR in 1986, research has unveiled their critical role as drug targets, leading to their status as the most successful receptor class for approved therapeutic agents. In drug discovery, insights into receptor dynamics-ranging from agonist to antagonist effects—are fundamental to developing effective therapies. Advances in structural biology and molecular simulations have provided a deeper understanding of GPCR activation mechanisms, which are essential in designing drugs that can either enhance or inhibit receptor activity. Allosteric sites, which provide alternative pathways for drug modulation, are emerging as promising targets for future drug design. Recent studies have focused on small-molecule allosteric modulators, revealing how they interact with receptors at the molecular level to produce therapeutic outcomes. The growing knowledge of GPCR mechanisms is poised to advance the development of innovative therapies, with new technologies and methodologies enabling the creation of more selective and effective drugs. Future research will continue to explore GPCRs' complex signaling networks, providing critical insights into their potential for treating a variety of conditions.

Nanomedicine: advances in targeted drug delivery systems using nanoparticles in cancer treatment

2025-08-15T15:03:15-04:00

Nano medicines offer a promising alternative for cancer treatment due to their nanoscale size, enabling precise site-specific drug delivery, higher bioavailability, and fewer toxic side effects. They allow the use of smaller drug doses, leading to cost savings. Gold Nano shells were among the earliest successful Nano therapies, demonstrating effective active and passive targeting. Unlike conventional drugs, Nano medicines degrade slowly, improving therapeutic outcomes. Various nanomaterials, including organic, lipid, inorganic, and polymer-based systems, are used. Their increased stability, controlled drug release, and biocompatibility enhance safety and efficacy. Ongoing preclinical and clinical research continues to advance Nano medicine for safer and more effective cancer treatments. Cancer is known as the most dangerous disease in the world in terms of mortality and lack of effective treatment. Research on cancer treatment is still active and of great social importance. Since 1930, chemotherapeutics have been used to treat cancer. Smart nanoparticles, which can respond to biological cues or be guided by them, are emerging as a promising drug delivery platform for precise cancer treatment. The field of oncology, nanotechnology, and biomedicine has witnessed rapid progress, leading to innovative developments in smart nanoparticles for safer and more effective cancer therapy.

Current breakthroughs in real-time glucose tracking devices for diabetes

2025-08-15T15:16:46-04:00

The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing a significant transformation driven by the integration of digital technologies, collectively known as Industry 4.0. This shift is redefining how drugs are developed, manufactured, and distributed. Key technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and big data analytics are at the forefront of this change, enabling smart manufacturing, real-time process optimization, and enhanced supply chain management. IoT facilitates the creation of interconnected production environments where sensors and devices continuously monitor critical parameters, ensuring optimal conditions and predictive maintenance. AI accelerates drug discovery through predictive modeling, automates quality control processes, and employs predictive analytics to enhance maintenance and process improvement. Big data empowers data-driven decision-making, ensures regulatory compliance through comprehensive analysis, and supports the shift toward personalized medicine by enabling customized drug production. Despite the significant benefits, the adoption of these technologies poses challenges, including integration with existing systems, data security concerns, and navigating a complex regulatory landscape. This review explores these technologies' impact on pharmaceutical manufacturing, highlighting successful case studies and best practices. Additionally, it discusses the future directions, including the move towards fully autonomous systems and the importance of collaboration between tech companies, manufacturers, and regulators to drive innovation and ensure compliance. The continued evolution of digital technologies in pharma manufacturing promises to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and deliver more personalized treatments.

Role of artificial intelligence in pharmacovigillance

2025-08-15T15:35:46-04:00

Pharmacovigilance (PV) is a data-driven process to identify medicine safety issues at the earliest by processing suspected adverse event (AE) reports and extraction of health data. The PV case processing cycle starts with data collection, data entry, initial checking completeness and validity, coding, medical assessment for causality, expectedness, severity, and seriousness, subsequently submitting report, quality checking followed by data storage and maintenance. This requires a workforce and technical expertise and therefore, is expensive and time- consuming. There has been exponential growth in the number of suspected AE reports in the PV database due to smart collection and reporting of individual case safety reports, widening the base by increased awareness and participation by health-care professionals and patients. Theprimary goal of pharmacovigilance, the cornerstone of public health, is to track and evaluate adverse drug reactions in order to guarantee patient safety. Conventional approaches suffer from biases in human error, inefficiency, and scalability problems. A new era in pharmacovigilance is being ushered in by the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI), which holds the promise of vast data analysis, automated procedures, and enhanced safety signal detection

The hidden impact of artificial sweeteners and food dyes on human health

2025-08-15T15:47:02-04:00

Food additives, including artificial sweeteners and colors, are widely used in the food industry. However, their safety has become a major concern due to the potential health risks associated with their consumption. Artificial sweeteners, such as saccharin, aspartame, and cyclamate, have been linked to various health problems, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. However, the evidence is not conclusive, and more research is needed to fully understand their impact on human health. Synthetic food colors, such as tartrazine and rhodamine B, have also been linked to potential health risks, including hyperactivity and cancer. However, regulatory agencies have set acceptable daily intake limits for these colors, and more research is needed to fully understand their impact on human health. Natural food additives, on the other hand, may have health benefits and could be used as substitutes for unhealthy food additives. However, more research is needed to fully understand their impact on human health. In conclusion, while food additives may have potential health risks, more research is needed to fully understand their impact on human health. Regulatory agencies should continue to monitor the safety of food additives and set acceptable daily intake limits to protect public health. Artificial sweeteners are widely used as a low-calorie alternative to sugar. However, their impact on human health is still a topic of debate. Some studies have suggested that artificial sweeteners may be linked to an increased risk of cancer.

Cubosomes-active carriers in chemotherapy modern medicine

2025-09-13T14:21:06-04:00

Cubosomes are lipid vesicles that are comparable to vesicular systems like liposomes. Cubosomes are created with certain amphiphilic lipids in the presence of a suitable stabilizer. Since its discovery and designation, self-assembled cubosomes as active drug delivery vehicles have drawn much attention and interest. Oral, ocular, transdermal, and chemotherapeutic are just a few of the drugs delivery method in which they are used. Cubosomes show tremendous potential in drug nano formulation for cancer therapeutics because of their prospective advantage, which include high drug dispersal due to the structure of the cubic, large surface area a relatively simple manufacturing process, biodegradability, ability to encapsulate hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic compounds, mostly cubosomes look like a “honey combed” structure and are thermodynamically stable. Application of cubosomes includes treatment of skin, hair, and other body tissue using cubosomes-like vehicle activity of biological substance, regulated release of solubilized chemicals. Melanoma {cancer} therapy based on a size delivery system is the key to effectively targeting melanoma due to increased permeability and retention.

Formulation and evaluation herbal neem anti dandruff shampoo

2025-10-05T15:12:52-04:00

This study presents the development and evaluation of an herbal shampoo formulated with Azadirachta indica (Neem) as the primary active ingredient. Due to its well-established antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties, Neem is considered highly effective for scalp and hair care. The herbal shampoo was prepared using natural ingredients and evaluated for various physicochemical characteristics, including pH, foaming capacity, dirt dispersion, surface tension, solid content, and conditioning ability. The formulated shampoo demonstrated good stability, effective cleansing action, dandruff reduction, and maintenance of hair texture. Overall, the study confirms that Neem can serve as a valuable ingredient in the development of safe, eco-friendly, and cost-effective herbal shampoos.

Emerging drug formulation and delivery system for Obesity management

2025-10-26T22:38:59-04:00

Obesity has become a major global health concern, contributing significantly to metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and diminished quality of life. Conventional therapeutic strategies, including lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy, often demonstrate limited efficacy and are associated with systemic side effects. Recent advancements in pharmaceutical technology have enabled the development of innovative drug formulations and targeted delivery systems designed to enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. These emerging approaches include nanoparticle-based carriers, liposomes, polymeric micelles, and controlled-release formulations that improve bioavailability, enable site-specific targeting, and provide sustained drug release. Furthermore, combination therapies integrating anti-obesity agents with natural bioactive compounds are being explored for their synergistic potential. This review highlights recent trends in advanced drug formulation and delivery systems for obesity management, discussing their mechanisms, advantages, and clinical applications. Collectively, these novel strategies hold great promise for achieving safer, more effective, and personalized treatment outcomes in obesity management.

A review on alexia rare syndrome

2025-11-07T16:28:12-05:00

Alexia is a rare neurological disorder characterized by the acquired inability to read, often accompanied by spared writing and speech abilities. This condition primarily arises from focal brain lesions affecting regions critical for visual word recognition and reading, including the occipital cortex, corpus callosum, and angular gyrus. The disorder manifests in several clinical subtypes such as pure alexia, alexia with agraphia, frontal alexia, and posterior alexia, each associated with distinct neuroanatomical and pathological features. Etiologies range from vascular insults like ischemic stroke to traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s, as well as infectious, neoplastic, and demyelinating conditions. Clinically, alexia presents with deficits in word recognition and reading fluency while often preserving the ability to write and speak, accompanied by additional neurological symptoms such as hemianopia and aphasia. Diagnostic evaluation integrates detailed clinical and neuropsychological assessments with advanced neuroimaging techniques, including MRI, fMRI, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), to localize lesions and understand underlying mechanisms. Theoretical models of visual word processing and hemispheric language dominance provide frameworks for understanding alexia’s cognitive underpinnings. Therapeutic interventions emphasize speech and language therapy supported by emerging digital tools, with novel approaches including neuromodulation via transcranial magnetic stimulation and direct current stimulation showing promise. Recent advances in connectomics, machine learning, and brain-computer interfaces offer innovative avenues for rehabilitation and recovery. Despite progress, challenges such as underdiagnosis, limited access to specialized care, and lack of standardized protocols remain. This review synthesizes current knowledge on alexia, integrating neurobiological and behavioural perspectives, and highlights directions for future research to enhance diagnosis, treatment, and patient outcomes.