Role, Toxicity and Remediation of Nickel in Plants: A Review
Abstract
Heavy metals are a group of elements known for their high atomic weight and density, typically over 5 g/cm³. While some, like nickel [Ni], iron [Fe], and zinc [Zn], are essential for plant growth in small amounts, others such as cadmium [Cd], mercury [Hg], and lead [Pb] are purely toxic. Nickel is unique as it plays a dual role in plants. In tiny amounts, it's crucial for healthy development, helping enzymes function properly and aiding in nitrogen metabolism. But when plants absorb in excess, it becomes harmful. It disrupts essential processes like photosynthesis, damages enzymes, and weakens cell structure and stunts overall plant growth. Nickel pollution can be caused naturally, but human activities like industrial manufacturing, burning fossil fuels, and overuse of chemical fertilizers are also major contributors. Due to its harmful effects, especially at high levels, it is considered both as an environmental pollutant and a cancer-causing agent [Group I carcinogen]. Plants take up nickel through their roots and the rate of absorption depends on several factors, such as soil pH, the form of nickel present, and the plant species. Over time, nickel builds up, in the leaves, shoots, and even the tiny pores [stomata] on leaves leading to symptoms like yellowing [chlorosis], dead patches [necrosis], and an imbalance in nutrients. High nickel levels can also trigger oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species [ROS], which further harms the plant. Scientists have developed various clean-up methods to deal with Ni pollution, which include traditional approaches, like soil washing or chemical treatment, which can be expensive and disruptive to the environment. Therefore, biological strategies are gaining attention. One of the most promising involves, plant growth-promoting bacteria [PGPBs]. These beneficial microbes not only help plants grow better but also make them more tolerant to heavy metals. This can be achieved by producing helpful compounds like hormones and antioxidants, and by binding and breaking down nickel to reduce its toxicity.
Keywords:
Heavy metals, Nickel toxicity, plant metabolism, phyto-accumulation, bioremediation, plant growth promoting bacteria
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K, J., Ch, S., H, B., & T, K. (2025). Role, Toxicity and Remediation of Nickel in Plants: A Review. Journal of Integral Sciences, 8(2), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.37022/jis.v8i2.106
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